%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/


%% Created for Frederick Solt at 2015-08-02 12:19:51 -0500 


%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) 



@unpublished{Lang2015,
	Author = {Duncan Temple Lang and the CRAN Team},
	Date-Added = {2015-08-02 12:33:50 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-08-02 17:19:25 +0000},
	Note = {R package version 3.98-1.3. \verb+<http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=XML>.+},
	Title = {XML: Tools for Parsing and Generating XML Within R and S-Plus},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=XML}}

@unpublished{Wickham2015,
	Author = {Wickham, Hadley},
	Date-Added = {2015-08-02 12:33:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-08-02 17:19:09 +0000},
	Note = {R package version 1.0.0.  \verb+<http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stringr>+.},
	Title = {stringr: Simple, Consistent Wrappers for Common String Operations},
	Year = {2015},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stringr}}

@unpublished{Nordsieck2014,
	Author = {Nordsieck, Wolfram},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-16 20:03:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-16 20:03:54 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Note = {Available at \verb+<http://parties-and-elections.eu>+. Accessed April 30, 2014.},
	Title = {Parties and Elections in Europe},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://parties-and-elections.eu}}

@article{Brambor2006,
	Author = {Brambor, Thomas and Clark, William Roberts and Golder, Matt},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-16 18:09:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-16 18:09:53 +0000},
	Journal = {Political Analysis},
	Keywords = {Methods},
	Number = {1},
	Owner = {fredsolt},
	Pages = {63-82},
	Title = {Understanding {I}nteraction {M}odels: {I}mproving {E}mpirical {A}nalyses},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@book{Benoit2006,
	Address = {London},
	Annote = {LDR    01797cam  2200349 i 4500
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010    $a  2006014032
020    $a0415368324 (hardback : alk. paper)
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050 00 $aJF2051$b.B42 2006
082 00 $a324.2/3$222
100 1  $aBenoit, Kenneth.
245 10 $aParty policy in modern democracies /$cKenneth Benoit and Michael Laver.
264  1 $aMilton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ;$aNew York :$bRoutledge,$c2006.
300    $axi, 287 pages ;$c25 cm.
336    $atext$btxt$2rdacontent
337    $aunmediated$bn$2rdamedia
338    $avolume$bnc$2rdacarrier
440  0 $aRoutledge research in comparative politics ;$v19
504    $aIncludes bibliographical references and index.
505 0  $aDimensions of political difference -- Policy positions and theoretical models of political competition -- Empirical policy spaces -- Measurement policy positions -- The dimensional structure of policy spaces -- Left and right in comparative context -- In conclusion.
650  0 $aPolitical parties.
650  0 $aPolitical parties$xPlatforms.
700 1  $aLaver, Michael,$d1949-
856 41 $3Table of contents only$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0613/2006014032.html
856 42 $3Publisher description$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0654/2006014032-d.html
},
	Author = {Benoit, Kenneth and Laver, Michael},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-15 19:30:09 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 19:30:09 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {Routledge},
	Title = {Party Policy in Modern Democracies},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0613/2006014032.html}}

@article{Hooghe2010,
	Abstract = {This research note reports on the 2002 and 2006 Chapel Hill expert surveys (CHES), which measure national party positioning on European integration, ideology, and several European Union (EU) and non-EU policies. The reliability of expert judgments is examined and the CHES data are cross-validated with data from the Comparative Manifesto Project, the 2003 Benoit-Laver expert survey and the 2002 Rohrschneider-Whitefield survey. The dataset is available on the CHES website.},
	Author = {Hooghe, Liesbet and Bakker, Ryan and Brigevich, Anna and De Vries, Catherine and Edwards, Erica and Marks, Gary and Rovny, Jan and Steenbergen, Marco and Vachudova, Milada},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-15 19:26:59 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 19:26:59 +0000},
	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {687--703},
	Title = {Reliability and Validity of the 2002 and 2006 Chapel Hill Expert Surveys on Party Positioning},
	Volume = {49},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01912.x}}

@article{Castles1984,
	Author = {Castles, Francis G. And Mair, Peter},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-15 19:19:56 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 19:20:03 +0000},
	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {73--88},
	Title = {Left-Right Political Scales: Some `Expert' Judgments},
	Volume = {12},
	Year = {1984},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1984.tb00080.x}}

@article{Huber1995a,
	Abstract = {The terms `left' and `right' are widely used to organize party competition and to shape connections between citizens and political parties. Recent and dramatic changes in the world, however, raise important questions about the meaning and importance of left-right ideology. Most notably, the collapse of communism has led to the development of a host of new democracies. And in advanced industrial societies, conflict has emerged over issues like the environment and immigration. This paper draws on a survey of political experts in 42 societies to address three questions raised by these changes. First, is the language of left and right still widely used, even in recently democratized countries? Second, do there exist secondary dimensions of political conflict that are orthogonal to the left-right dimension? Third, and most importantly, what substantive issues define the meaning of left-right ideology? In addition to addressing these questions, we present data on the left-right locations of political parties in each of the 42 countries.},
	Author = {Huber, John and Inglehart, Ronald},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-15 19:19:46 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 19:19:46 +0000},
	Journal = {Party Politics},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {73-111},
	Title = {Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/1/1/73.abstract},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068895001001004}}

@unpublished{Doring2012,
	Author = {D{\"o}ring, Holder and Manow, Philip},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-12 16:29:53 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 14:50:53 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Note = {Available at \verb+<http://www.parlgov.org>+. Accessed February 3, 2014.},
	Title = {Parliament and Government Composition Database (ParlGov) -- Version 12/10},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.parlgov.org/}}

@article{Merrilees2008,
	Author = {Merrilees, Bill and Miller, Dale},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 22:08:54 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 22:08:54 +0000},
	Journal = {European Journal of Marketing},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {5/6},
	Pages = {537--552},
	Title = {Principles of Corporate Rebranding},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{WintherNielsen2014,
	Author = {Winther Nielsen, Sigge and Vin{\ae}s Larsen, Martin},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 22:06:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 22:06:49 +0000},
	Journal = {Electoral Studies},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = {March},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {153 - 165},
	Title = {Party Brands and Voting},
	Volume = {33},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261379413001248},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.08.001}}

@article{Lupu2013,
	Author = {Lupu, Noam},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 22:05:30 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 22:05:30 +0000},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {49--64},
	Title = {Party Brands and Partisanship: Theory with Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Argentina},
	Volume = {57},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{Aaker1991,
	Address = {New York},
	Annote = {LDR    01514pam  2200313 a 4500
001    3904721
005    20060725210453.0
008    910208s1991    nyua     b    001 0 eng  
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955    $apc18 to br00 02-08-91; br25/br27 to SCD 02-13-91; fe10 02-13-91; fn24 02-15-91; CIP ver. ta06; to SL 08-21-91
035    $9(DLC)   91010380
010    $a   91010380 
020    $a0029001013
040    $aDLC$cDLC$dDLC
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050 00 $aHD69.B7$bA22 1991
082 00 $a658.8/27$220
100 1  $aAaker, David A.
245 10 $aManaging brand equity :$bcapitalizing on the value of a brand name /$cDavid A. Aaker.
260    $aNew York :$bFree Press ;$aToronto :$bMaxwell Macmillan Canada ;$aNew York :$bMaxwell Macmillan International,$cc1991.
300    $axiii, 299 p. :$bill. ;$c24 cm.
504    $aIncludes bibliographical references (p. 277-287) and index.
650  0 $aBrand name products$xValuation$zUnited States$xManagement.
650  0 $aIntangible property$xValuation$zUnited States$xManagement.
856 42 $3Contributor biographical information$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/bios/simon051/91010380.html
856 41 $3Sample text$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/samples/simon031/91010380.html
856 42 $3Publisher description$uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/simon033/91010380.html
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},
	Author = {Aaker, David A.},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {Free Press},
	Title = {Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name},
	Year = {1991},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/bios/simon051/91010380.html},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://books.google.com/books?id=r_TSY5sxnO8C}}

@article{Janda1995,
	Author = {Janda, Kenneth and Harmel, Robert and Edens, Christine and Goff, Patricia},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 20:18:20 +0000},
	Journal = {Party Politics},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {171--196},
	Publisher = {Sage Publications},
	Title = {Changes in Party Identity: Evidence from Party Manifestos},
	Volume = {1},
	Year = {1995},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDUAQIDBAUGJCVYJHZlcnNpb25YJG9iamVjdHNZJGFyY2hpdmVyVCR0b3ASAAGGoKgHCBMUFRYaIVUkbnVsbNMJCgsMDxJXTlMua2V5c1pOUy5vYmplY3RzViRjbGFzc6INDoACgAOiEBGABIAFgAdccmVsYXRpdmVQYXRoWWFsaWFzRGF0YV8QPS4uLy4uLy4uLy4uLy4uL1NvdXJjZXMvRlNMaWJyYXJ5L0phbmRhSGFybWVsRWRlbnNHb2ZmMTk5NS5wZGbSFwsYGVdOUy5kYXRhTxEBvgAAAAABvgACAAAGTmlrb2xhAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA0djsUkgrAAAAFQ7vHEphbmRhSGFybWVsRWRlbnNHb2ZmMTk5NS5wZGYAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAVE5PRn1K+AAAAAAAAAAAABQADAAAJIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAlGU0xpYnJhcnkAABAACAAA0dkyogAAABEACAAA0Z+ZDgAAAAEAEAAVDu8AFQ7sAAbGqwACmA8AAgBITmlrb2xhOlVzZXJzOgBmcmVkc29sdDoAU291cmNlczoARlNMaWJyYXJ5OgBKYW5kYUhhcm1lbEVkZW5zR29mZjE5OTUucGRmAA4AOgAcAEoAYQBuAGQAYQBIAGEAcgBtAGUAbABFAGQAZQBuAHMARwBvAGYAZgAxADkAOQA1AC4AcABkAGYADwAOAAYATgBpAGsAbwBsAGEAEgA9VXNlcnMvZnJlZHNvbHQvU291cmNlcy9GU0xpYnJhcnkvSmFuZGFIYXJtZWxFZGVuc0dvZmYxOTk1LnBkZgAAEwABLwAAFQACAA///wAAgAbSGxwdHlokY2xhc3NuYW1lWCRjbGFzc2VzXU5TTXV0YWJsZURhdGGjHR8gVk5TRGF0YVhOU09iamVjdNIbHCIjXE5TRGljdGlvbmFyeaIiIF8QD05TS2V5ZWRBcmNoaXZlctEmJ1Ryb290gAEACAARABoAIwAtADIANwBAAEYATQBVAGAAZwBqAGwAbgBxAHMAdQB3AIQAjgDOANMA2wKdAp8CpAKvArgCxgLKAtEC2gLfAuwC7wMBAwQDCQAAAAAAAAIBAAAAAAAAACgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAML}}

@article{Jevons2005,
	Abstract = {Purpose - The paper aims to stimulate discussion of what branding actually is, does and maybe should do. Design/methodology/approach - A reflective essay is presented which briefly outlines the history of meanings of branding leading to speculation about future meanings. Findings - The paper finds that the term `brand' is now used extensively in previously unimaginable areas, yet the common examples and textbooks seem to be inexorably linked to little beyond the brand management of products or for-profit consumer services. Practical implications - With this piece, the Journal of Product & Brand Management starts a new section that aims to bring discussion beyond products brand management - taking thinking about brands beyond the current conventions. Originality/value - This paper provides a detailed call to action for academics and practitioners interested in exploring possible futures of branding thought.},
	Author = {Jevons, Colin},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Product and Brand Management},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {117-118},
	Title = {Names, Brands, Branding: Beyond the Signs, Symbols, Products and Services},
	Volume = {14},
	Year = {2005},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mcb/096/2005/00000014/00000002/art00005},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10610420510592590}}

@article{Muzellec2006,
	Author = {Muzellec, Laurent and Lambkin, Mary},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Journal = {European Journal of Marketing},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {7/8},
	Pages = {803--824},
	Title = {Corporate Rebranding: Destroying, Transferring, or Creating Brand Equity?},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {2006},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@article{Needham2005,
	Author = {Needham, Catherine},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Journal = {Political Studies},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {343--361},
	Publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
	Title = {Brand Leaders: Clinton, Blair and the Limitations of the Permanent Campaign},
	Volume = {53},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Needham2006,
	Author = {Needham, Catherine},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Brand Management},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {178--187},
	Publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	Title = {Brands and Political Loyalty},
	Volume = {13},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Neiheisel2013,
	Author = {Neiheisel, Jacob R and Niebler, Sarah},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Journal = {Legislative Studies Quarterly},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {377--403},
	Title = {The Use of Party Brand Labels in Congressional Election Campaigns},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {2013}}

@book{Panebianco1988,
	Address = {Cambridge},
	Annote = {LDR    01078pam  2200313 a 4500
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010    $a   87027724 
020    $a0521306272
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040    $aDLC$cDLC$dDLC
041 1  $aengita
050 00 $aJF2051$b.P2613 1988
082 00 $a324$219
100 1  $aPanebianco, Angelo.
240 10 $aModelli di partito.$lEnglish
245 10 $aPolitical parties :$borganization and power /$cAngelo Panebianco ; translated by Marc Silver.
260    $aCambridge, [England] ;$aNew York :$bCambridge University Press,$c1988.
300    $axviii, 318 p. ;$c24 cm.
440  0 $aCambridge studies in modern political economies
500    $aTranslation of: Modelli di partito.
504    $aBibliography: p. [275]-314.
500    $aIncludes index.
650  0 $aPolitical parties.
650  0 $aPolitics, Practical.
991    $bc-GenColl$hJF2051$i.P2613 1988$p00004185195$tCopy 1$wBOOKS
},
	Author = {Panebianco, Angelo},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Title = {Political Parties: Organization and Power},
	Year = {1988},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://books.google.com/books?id=xC44AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA239}}

@article{Pope2008,
	Author = {Pope, Jeremy C. and Woon, Jonathan},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {653-61},
	Title = {Measuring Changes in American Party Reputations, 1939--2004},
	Volume = {62},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{Scammell2007,
	Author = {Scammell, Margaret},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {176--192},
	Publisher = {Sage Publications},
	Title = {Political Brands and Consumer Citizens: The Rebranding of Tony Blair},
	Volume = {611},
	Year = {2007}}

@article{Woon2008,
	Author = {Woon, Jonathan and Pope, Jeremy C},
	Date-Added = {2015-06-11 21:41:57 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {823--836},
	Title = {Made in Congress? Testing the Electoral Implications of Party Ideological Brand Names},
	Volume = {70},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{Fairbrother2014,
	Abstract = { ABSTRACT Increasing numbers of comparative survey datasets span multiple waves. Moving beyond purely cross-sectional analyses, multilevel longitudinal analyses of such datasets should generate substantively important insights into the political, social and economic correlates of many individual-level outcomes of interest (attitudes, behaviors, etc.). This article describes two simple techniques for extracting such insights, which allow change over time in y to be a function of change over time in x and/or of a time-invariant x. The article presents results from simulation studies that assess the techniques in the presence of complications that are likely to arise with real-world data, and concludes with applications to the issues of generalized social trust and postmaterialist values, using data from World/European Values Surveys. },
	Author = {Fairbrother, Malcolm},
	Date-Added = {2014-06-06 17:14:14 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2014-06-06 17:14:45 +0000},
	Journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = {4},
	Pages = {119--140},
	Title = {Two Multilevel Modeling Techniques for Analyzing Comparative Longitudinal Survey Datasets},
	Volume = {2},
	Year = {2014},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S2049847013000241},
	Bdsk-Url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2013.24}}

@article{Steenbergen2002,
	Abstract = {Multilevel data are structures that consist of multiple units of analysis, one nested within the other. Such data are becoming quite common in political science and provide numerous opportunities for theory testing and development. Unfortunately, this type of data typically generates a number of statistical problems, of which clustering is particularly important. To exploit the opportunities offered by multilevel data, and to solve the statistical problems inherent in them, special statistical techniques are required. In this article, we focus on a technique that has become popular in educational statistics and sociology-multilevel analysis. In multilevel analysis, researchers build models that capture the layered structure of multilevel data, and determine how layers interact and impact a dependent variable of interest. Our objective in this article is to introduce the logic and statistical theory behind multilevel models, to illustrate how such models can be applied fruitfully in political science, and to call attention to some of the pitfalls in multilevel analysis.},
	Author = {Steenbergen, Marco R. and Jones, Bradford S.},
	Date-Added = {2014-06-06 03:13:18 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {00925853},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Jstor_Articletype = {primary_article},
	Jstor_Formatteddate = {Jan., 2002},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {218--237},
	Title = {Modeling Multilevel Data Structures},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2002},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3088424}}

@book{Aldrich1995,
	Author = {Aldrich, John H.},
	Date-Modified = {2014-06-10 15:45:33 +0000},
	Isbn = {9780226012728},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Shorttitle = {Why Parties?},
	Title = {Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America},
	Year = {1995}}

@book{Campbell1960,
	Author = {Campbell, Angus and Converse, Philip E. and Miller, Warren E. and Stokes, Donald E.},
	Date-Modified = {2014-06-10 15:45:26 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	Title = {The American Voter},
	Year = {1960}}

@article{Collie1981,
	Author = {Collie, Melissa P.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 14:37:02 +0000},
	Issn = {0003-0554},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {119-131},
	Title = {Incumbency, Electoral Safety, and Turnover in the House of Representatives, 1952-76},
	Urldate = {2014-05-23},
	Volume = {75},
	Year = {1981}}

@article{Cox1996,
	Author = {Cox, Gary W. and Katz, Jonathan N.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {0092-5853},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = may,
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {478--497},
	Title = {Why Did the Incumbency Advantage in {U.S.} House Elections Grow?},
	Urldate = {2014-05-23},
	Volume = {40},
	Year = {1996}}

@book{Cox1993,
	Abstract = {This book provides an incisive new look at the inner workings of the House of Representatives in the post-World War {II} era. Reevaluating the role of parties and committees, Gary Cox and Mathew {McCubbins} view parties in the House--especially majority parties--as a species of legislative cartel. These},
	Address = {Berkeley},
	Author = {Cox, Gary W. and {McCubbins}, Mathew D.},
	Date-Modified = {2014-06-10 15:46:44 +0000},
	Isbn = {9780520072206},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {University of California Press},
	Title = {Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House},
	Year = {1993}}

@book{Downs1957,
	Address = {New York},
	Author = {Downs, Anthony},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Edition = {1st},
	Isbn = {0060417501},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {Harper and Row},
	Title = {An Economic Theory of Democracy},
	Year = {1957}}

@article{Erikson1972,
	Author = {Erikson, Robert S.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {0003-0554},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = dec,
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {1234--1245},
	Title = {Malapportionment, Gerrymandering, and Party Fortunes in Congressional Elections},
	Urldate = {2014-05-23},
	Volume = {66},
	Year = {1972}}

@article{Erikson1971,
	Author = {Erikson, Robert S.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {0032-3497},
	Journal = {Polity},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = apr,
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {395--405},
	Title = {The Advantage of Incumbency in Congressional Elections},
	Urldate = {2014-05-23},
	Volume = {3},
	Year = {1971}}

@article{Harmel1995,
	Author = {Harmel, Robert and Heo, Uk and Tan, Alexander and Janda, Kenneth},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Journal = {West European Politics},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--33},
	Title = {Performance, Leadership, Factions and Party Change: An Empirical Analysis},
	Volume = {18},
	Year = {1995}}

@article{Harmel1994,
	Abstract = {The authors present a theory that seeks to explain why parties change their political strategies, organizational characteristics and issue positions. Whereas most of the existing literature on party change deals with party systems, the focus here is on individual parties. Whereas much of the literature views parties as responding more or less gradually to socioeconomic change, change is here regarded as a discontinuous outcome of specific party decisions linked to party goals. This approach is placed in the literature by reviewing extant theories of party change. Our theory itself is initially advanced in a discursive section which suggests that change does not `just happen', but instead results from leadership change, a change of dominant faction within the party, and/or an external stimulus for change. The article then presents a more formal exposition of this theory, consisting of definitions, assumptions, and a series of testable propositions. It concludes with illustrative examples of this theoretical framework.},
	Author = {Harmel, Robert and Janda, Kenneth},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 19:27:12 +0000},
	Journal = {Journal of Theoretical Politics},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = jul,
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {259--287},
	Title = {An Integrated Theory of Party Goals and Party Change},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1994},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDUAQIDBAUGJCVYJHZlcnNpb25YJG9iamVjdHNZJGFyY2hpdmVyVCR0b3ASAAGGoKgHCBMUFRYaIVUkbnVsbNMJCgsMDxJXTlMua2V5c1pOUy5vYmplY3RzViRjbGFzc6INDoACgAOiEBGABIAFgAdccmVsYXRpdmVQYXRoWWFsaWFzRGF0YV8QNS4uLy4uLy4uLy4uLy4uL1NvdXJjZXMvRlNMaWJyYXJ5L0hhcm1lbEphbmRhMTk5NGEucGRm0hcLGBlXTlMuZGF0YU8RAZ4AAAAAAZ4AAgAABk5pa29sYQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAANHY7FJIKwAAABUO7xRIYXJtZWxKYW5kYTE5OTRhLnBkZgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFRM50aR2MwAAAAAAAAAAAAUAAwAACSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAJRlNMaWJyYXJ5AAAQAAgAANHZMqIAAAARAAgAANGkvIMAAAABABAAFQ7vABUO7AAGxqsAApgPAAIAQE5pa29sYTpVc2VyczoAZnJlZHNvbHQ6AFNvdXJjZXM6AEZTTGlicmFyeToASGFybWVsSmFuZGExOTk0YS5wZGYADgAqABQASABhAHIAbQBlAGwASgBhAG4AZABhADEAOQA5ADQAYQAuAHAAZABmAA8ADgAGAE4AaQBrAG8AbABhABIANVVzZXJzL2ZyZWRzb2x0L1NvdXJjZXMvRlNMaWJyYXJ5L0hhcm1lbEphbmRhMTk5NGEucGRmAAATAAEvAAAVAAIAD///AACABtIbHB0eWiRjbGFzc25hbWVYJGNsYXNzZXNdTlNNdXRhYmxlRGF0YaMdHyBWTlNEYXRhWE5TT2JqZWN00hscIiNcTlNEaWN0aW9uYXJ5oiIgXxAPTlNLZXllZEFyY2hpdmVy0SYnVHJvb3SAAQAIABEAGgAjAC0AMgA3AEAARgBNAFUAYABnAGoAbABuAHEAcwB1AHcAhACOAMYAywDTAnUCdwJ8AocCkAKeAqICqQKyArcCxALHAtkC3ALhAAAAAAAAAgEAAAAAAAAAKAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuM=}}

@article{Harmel2003,
	Abstract = {Abstract. Other works have asked whether parties matter; this article asks whether parties' dominant factions matter. Special focus is placed on whether change in dominant faction or coalition within the party tends to produce other significant party change, and under what circumstances. Three specific hypotheses are developed and tested, one involving motivation for change and the other two involving `resources' which are necessary to make dramatic change possible. Empirical analysis rests upon original data covering seven changes in dominant faction and several dimensions of party change within five parties in the United Kingdom and Germany for the period 1950 to 1990. The authors conclude that not all of the hypothesized factors have equal impact on degree of party change, with ability of the newly dominant faction to control its coalition being primary.},
	Author = {Harmel, Robert and Tan, Alexander C.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {1475-6765},
	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {409--424},
	Shorttitle = {Party actors and party change},
	Title = {Party Actors and Party Change: Does Factional Dominance Matter?},
	Urldate = {2013-01-12},
	Volume = {42},
	Year = {2003}}

@book{Kiewiet1991,
	Author = {Kiewiet, D. Roderick and {McCubbins}, Mathew D.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 14:38:18 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {University Of Chicago Press},
	Title = {The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process},
	Year = {1991}}

@article{Lau1997,
	Author = {Lau, Richard R. and Redlawsk, David P.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {00030554},
	Journal = {American Political Science Review},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = sep,
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {585},
	Title = {Voting Correctly},
	Urldate = {2013-01-13},
	Volume = {91},
	Year = {1997},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDUAQIDBAUGJCVYJHZlcnNpb25YJG9iamVjdHNZJGFyY2hpdmVyVCR0b3ASAAGGoKgHCBMUFRYaIVUkbnVsbNMJCgsMDxJXTlMua2V5c1pOUy5vYmplY3RzViRjbGFzc6INDoACgAOiEBGABIAFgAdccmVsYXRpdmVQYXRoWWFsaWFzRGF0YV8QNC4uLy4uLy4uLy4uLy4uL1NvdXJjZXMvUmVmZXJlbmNlL0xhdVJlZGxhd3NrMTk5Ny5wZGbSFwsYGVdOUy5kYXRhTxEBnAAAAAABnAACAAAHUGxhdGl0YQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAzDDMokgrAAABDiXiE0xhdVJlZGxhd3NrMTk5Ny5wZGYAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEOJQjPt1HHAAAAAAAAAAAABQADAAAJIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAlSZWZlcmVuY2UAABAACAAAzDES8gAAABEACAAAz7eYFwAAAAEAEAEOJeIABfHcAAXD0QACDfkAAgBAUGxhdGl0YTpVc2VyczoAZnJlZHNvbHQ6AFNvdXJjZXM6AFJlZmVyZW5jZToATGF1UmVkbGF3c2sxOTk3LnBkZgAOACgAEwBMAGEAdQBSAGUAZABsAGEAdwBzAGsAMQA5ADkANwAuAHAAZABmAA8AEAAHAFAAbABhAHQAaQB0AGEAEgA0VXNlcnMvZnJlZHNvbHQvU291cmNlcy9SZWZlcmVuY2UvTGF1UmVkbGF3c2sxOTk3LnBkZgATAAEvAAAVAAIAD///AACABtIbHB0eWiRjbGFzc25hbWVYJGNsYXNzZXNdTlNNdXRhYmxlRGF0YaMdHyBWTlNEYXRhWE5TT2JqZWN00hscIiNcTlNEaWN0aW9uYXJ5oiIgXxAPTlNLZXllZEFyY2hpdmVy0SYnVHJvb3SAAQAIABEAGgAjAC0AMgA3AEAARgBNAFUAYABnAGoAbABuAHEAcwB1AHcAhACOAMUAygDSAnICdAJ5AoQCjQKbAp8CpgKvArQCwQLEAtYC2QLeAAAAAAAAAgEAAAAAAAAAKAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuA=}}

@book{Lewis-Beck1988,
	Abstract = {A cross-national study of the effect of economic conditions on voting behavior in the United States and the Western democracies},
	Address = {Ann Arbor},
	Author = {Lewis-Beck, Michael S.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Isbn = {0472081330},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	Shorttitle = {Economics and Elections},
	Title = {Economics and Elections: The Major Western Democracies},
	Year = {1988}}

@incollection{Lipset1967,
	Author = {Lipset, Seymour M. and Lokkan, Stein},
	Booktitle = {The West European Party System},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {Oxford University Press},
	Title = {Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments},
	Year = {1967}}

@incollection{Mainwaring1995b,
	Author = {Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy},
	Booktitle = {Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Editor = {Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Pages = {1--34},
	Publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	Title = {Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America},
	Year = {1995}}

@book{Mainwaring1995a,
	Author = {Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Isbn = {0804723052},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = jan,
	Owner = {Mi-son},
	Publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	Shorttitle = {Building Democratic Institutions},
	Timestamp = {2014.06.05},
	Title = {Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America},
	Year = {1995}}

@incollection{Mainwaring2006,
	Address = {London},
	Author = {Mainwaring, Scott and Torcal, Mariano},
	Booktitle = {Handbook of Party Politics},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Editor = {Katz, Richard S. and Crotty, William J.},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Pages = {204--227},
	Publisher = {{SAGE} Publications Ltd},
	Title = {Party System Institutionalization and Party System Theory after the Third Wave of Democratization},
	Year = {2006}}

@article{Mayhew1974,
	Abstract = {Party gains and losses in House seats constitute one instrument, however imperfect, for voter influence on the national government, Mayhew suggests. But the data indicate that "the House seat swing is a phenomenon of fast declining amplitude and therefore of fast declining significance." In the 1956-72 period the number of districts with close House elections dropped precipitously; a similar, if slow, long-range decline has been occurring. We don't really know the causes, but Mayhew indicates possible causes and asks us to ponder the consequences. The piece is replete with numbers, but clearly they are handmaiden to an inquiry into politics. The paper was originally presented at the Spring, 1973 New England Political Science Association meetings.},
	Author = {Mayhew, David R.},
	Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1974 Northeastern Political Science Association},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {0032-3497},
	Journal = {Polity},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = apr,
	Number = {3},
	Pages = {295--317},
	Shorttitle = {Congressional Elections},
	Title = {Congressional Elections: The Case of the Vanishing Marginals},
	Urldate = {2014-05-23},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {1974}}

@book{Michels1962,
	Author = {Michels, Robert},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {Free Press},
	Title = {Political Parties},
	Year = {1962}}

@article{Nadeau2001,
	Abstract = {National economic conditions regularly influence outcomes in {U.S.} presidential elections. However, beyond this simple finding, much remains unclear. How large are national economic effects? Which macroeconomic indicators? Subjective or objective measures? Retrospective or prospective? What is the role of institutions? In our analysis of the American National Election Studies, 1956--1996, we employ a National Business Index ({NBI)}, an aggregate measure that amalgamates individual voter perceptions of the collective economy. It outperforms other national economic measures and reveals that effects have been underestimated. The assumption of strong retrospective economic voting is tested under different institutional hypotheses. Contrary to expectations, it is not found to be influenced by divided government, but it is heavily influenced by incumbency, meaning in practice whether a popularly elected president is running. Moreover, this incumbency variable highly conditions the time horizon of national economic voting. When a popularly elected president is not running, such voting is almost entirely prospective. These conditional effects go a long way toward explaining certain enduring controversies in the literature.},
	Author = {Nadeau, Richard and Lewis-Beck, Michael S.},
	Copyright = {{2001Southern} Political Science Association},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {1468-2508},
	Journal = {Journal of Politics},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {159--181},
	Title = {National Economic Voting in {U.S.} Presidential Elections},
	Urldate = {2014-02-12},
	Volume = {63},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Neto1997,
	Abstract = {A classic question in political science concerns what determines the number of parties that compete in a given polity. Broadly speaking, there are two approaches to answering this question, one that emphasizes the role of electoral laws in structuring coalitional incentives, and another that emphasizes the importance of preexisting social cleavages. In this paper, we view the number of parties as a product of the interaction between these two forces, following Powell (1982) and Ordeshook and Shvetsova (1994). The effective number of parties in a polity should be a multiplicative rather than an additive function of the permissiveness of the electoral system and the heterogeneity of the society. Multiple regression on cross-sectional aggregate electoral statistics. Unlike previous studies, we (1) do not confine attention to developed democracies; (2) explicitly control for the influence of presidential elections, taking account of whether they are concurrent or nonconcurrent, and of the effective number of presidential candidates; and (3) also control for the presence and operation of upper tiers in legislative elections. The hypothesis is confirmed, both as regards the number of legislative parties and the number of presidential parties.},
	Author = {Neto, Octavio Amorim and Cox, Gary W.},
	Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1997 Midwest Political Science Association},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {0092-5853},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = jan,
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {149--174},
	Title = {Electoral Institutions, Cleavage Structures, and the Number of Parties},
	Urldate = {2014-05-27},
	Volume = {41},
	Year = {1997}}

@article{Ordeshook1994,
	Abstract = {Recent events leading to the importation of democratic ideas and ideals by previously totalitarian states increase our interest in the ways in which electoral institutions influence party systems. However, even if we restrict our attention to Eastern Europe or the successor states of the Soviet empire, we encounter a range of social diversity--ethnic heterogeneity--that is as great as those in the set of countries examined in earlier studies that seek to identify the influence of electoral laws (see Rae, Lijphart, and Taagepera and Shugart). Curiously, though, these earlier studies fail to ascertain whether and to what extent electoral laws mediate the influence of this heterogeneity. Hence, to develop a more pragmatic understanding of electoral institutions, we adopt the view of electoral laws as intervening structures, and using the data of these earlier analyses, we reconsider the role of one institutional parameter--district magnitude--that some researchers regard as the most important characteristic of an electoral system. Aside from the usual caveats about the limitations of our data, our primary conclusion is that district magnitude is not merely an important determinant of the number of parties that compete in a political system, but that it can offset the tendency of parties to multiply in heterogeneous societies.},
	Author = {Ordeshook, Peter C. and Shvetsova, Olga V.},
	Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1994 Midwest Political Science Association},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {0092-5853},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = feb,
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {100--123},
	Title = {Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude, and the Number of Parties},
	Urldate = {2014-05-27},
	Volume = {38},
	Year = {1994}}

@article{Pedersen1979,
	Abstract = {In recent years it has become increasingly difficult to maintain that the European party systems are stable and that they reflect the societal cleavage structures of the past. One developmental aspect of the party systems is singled out for description and analysis in this paper. It is argued that European party systems in terms of electoral volatility, i.e. rates of net change in the electorates, are drifting away from each other. Some of the party systems which have traditionally been considered volatile, apparently are becoming less so, while some other systems are taking on the character of highly volatile party systems. A simple set of hypotheses, based upon the notion of party space, is proposed in order to account for the variation observed. The data lend support to the hypothesis that electoral volatility is a function of the format of the party system and of short-term changes in that format.},
	Author = {Pedersen, Mogens N.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {1475-6765},
	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {1--26},
	Shorttitle = {The Dynamics of European Party Systems},
	Title = {The Dynamics of European Party Systems: Changing Patterns of Electoral Volatility},
	Urldate = {2013-01-14},
	Volume = {7},
	Year = {1979}}

@article{Powell1993,
	Abstract = {A large literature has demonstrated that such economic factors as growth, inflation, and unemployment affect the popularity of incumbents within many democratic countries. However, cross-national aggregate analyses of "economic voting" show only weak and inconsistent economic effects. We argue for the systematic incorporation of political factors that shape the electoral consequences of economic performance. Multivariate analyses of 102 elections in 19 industrialized democracies are used to estimate the cross-national impact of economic and political factors. The analyses show that considerations of the ideological image of the government, its electoral base, and the clarity of its political responsibility are essential to understanding the effects of economic conditions on voting for or against incumbents.},
	Author = {Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. and Whitten, Guy D.},
	Copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 1993 Midwest Political Science Association},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {0092-5853},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = may,
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {391--414},
	Shorttitle = {A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting},
	Title = {A Cross-National Analysis of Economic Voting: Taking Account of the Political Context},
	Urldate = {2014-02-12},
	Volume = {37},
	Year = {1993}}

@article{Randall2002,
	Abstract = {The literature on democratisation emphasises the contribution of political parties, and in that context the importance of party institutionalization. But this concept remains relatively unexplored. Our article first considers the relationship between party institutionalization and party system institutionalization, pointing out that they are not necessarily convergent. We then review the existing literature on party institutionalization, indicating weaknesses and contradictions, before offering our own analytic model. In the final section we identify some of the key considerations arising when this model is applied to the particular circumstances of democratic transition in the Third World.},
	Author = {Randall, Vicky and Sv{\aa}sand, Lars},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {1354-0688, 1460-3683},
	Journal = {Party Politics},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Month = jan,
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {5--29},
	Title = {Party Institutionalization in New Democracies},
	Urldate = {2013-01-13},
	Volume = {8},
	Year = {2002}}

@incollection{Rohde1995,
	Author = {Rohde, David W.},
	Booktitle = {Positive Theories of Congressional Institution},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Pages = {119--137},
	Publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
	Title = {Parties and Committees in the House},
	Year = {1995}}

@book{Rohde1991,
	Author = {Rohde, David W.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-15 20:20:05 +0000},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Publisher = {University Of Chicago Press},
	Title = {Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House},
	Year = {1991}}

@book{Sartori1976,
	Author = {Sartori, Giovanni},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Isbn = {9780521291064},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Shorttitle = {Parties and Party Systems},
	Title = {Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis},
	Year = {1976}}

@book{Scheiner2005,
	Abstract = {Despite its democratic structure, Japan's government has been dominated by a single party, the Liberal Democratic Party ({LDP)} since 1955. This book offers an explanation for why, even in the face of great dissatisfaction with the {LDP}, no opposition party has been able to offer itself as a credible challenger in Japan. Understanding such failure is important for many reasons, from its effect on Japanese economic policy to its implications for what facilitates democratic responsiveness more broadly. The principal explanations for opposition failure in Japan focus on the country's culture and electoral system.},
	Address = {Cambridge},
	Author = {Scheiner, Ethan},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Isbn = {9780521609692},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {English},
	Month = aug,
	Publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	Shorttitle = {Democracy without Competition in Japan},
	Title = {Democracy without Competition in Japan: Opposition Failure in a One-Party Dominant State},
	Year = {2005}}

@article{Snyder2000,
	Author = {Snyder, James M. and Groseclose, Tim},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 22:07:50 +0000},
	Issn = {00925853},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = apr,
	Number = {2},
	Pages = {193--211},
	Title = {Estimating Party Influence in Congressional Roll-Call Voting},
	Urldate = {2013-01-11},
	Volume = {44},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{Snyder2002,
	Author = {Snyder, James M. and Ting, Michael M.},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {00925853},
	Journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Month = jan,
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {90},
	Title = {An Informational Rationale for Political Parties},
	Urldate = {2013-01-11},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2002}}

@article{Stockton2001,
	Abstract = {Institutionalized parties and party systems have traditionally been viewed as necessary conditions for democracies to function effectively. Although this area of research is germane to all democracies, most analyses have been divided by regional investigation. Seeking to bridge the gap, this article applies concepts and measures of institutionalization from the study of Latin America to Pacific Asia's two most prominent cases of democratic transition, South Korea and Taiwan. An effort is made to apply the approaches of Dix and Mainwaring and Scully on party and system institutionalization in Latin America to South Korea and Taiwan. Cross-national comparison reveals a curvilinear relationship between institutionalization and consolidation. Taiwan's path to consolidation has been predicated on a pattern very similar to those taken by Latin American cases, whereas South Korea, theoretically, should not be as close to consolidation as it is.},
	Author = {Stockton, Hans},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {0010-4140, 1552-3829},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Month = feb,
	Number = {1},
	Pages = {94--119},
	Title = {Political Parties, Party Systems, and Democracy in East Asia Lessons from Latin America},
	Urldate = {2013-01-12},
	Volume = {34},
	Year = {2001}}

@article{Tavits2008,
	Abstract = {Abstract. Electoral volatility is assumed to be a precursor to, or even an indicator of, party system instability. Such an assumption has strong implications for the underlying elite--mass electoral linkage and for the prospects of party system stabilisation in young democracies. This article demonstrates that electoral volatility follows from, rather than leads to, changes in the supply of parties. Thus, the choices of elites may be more responsible for instability in the early stages of party system development than the erratic behaviour of voters.},
	Author = {Tavits, Margit},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Number = {5},
	Pages = {537--555},
	Title = {On the Linkage Between Electoral Volatility and Party System Instability in Central and Eastern Europe},
	Volume = {47},
	Year = {2008}}

@article{Toole2000,
	Abstract = {The stabilization of party systems in new democracies is commonly assumed to be a lengthy process. Applying Peter Mair's government-formation-based model of party system development to the three young East Central European democracies of Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic, the article shows that party systems can stabilize much more quickly than expected. In an analysis of emerging party system patterns, the Hungarian and Czech party systems are found to be far more stable than the Polish, and already nearly as stable as more mature party systems. Examining differences in the three cases, the article makes two primary conclusions about the process of stabilization in new party systems. First, it suggests that stabilization is the product of both electoral system design and consequent patterns of elite behavior. Second, it argues that stabilization not only occurs in spite of on-going volatility in party-voter alignments, but actually serves to reduce it.},
	Author = {Toole, James},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {1354-0688, 1460-3683},
	Journal = {Party Politics},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Month = oct,
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {441--461},
	Title = {Government Formation and Party System Stabilization in East Central Europe},
	Urldate = {2013-01-09},
	Volume = {6},
	Year = {2000}}

@article{West2013,
	Author = {West, Karleen Jones and Spoon, Jae-Jae},
	Date-Modified = {2015-06-11 21:42:32 +0000},
	Issn = {0010-4140, 1552-3829},
	Journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
	Keywords = {Parties},
	Language = {en},
	Month = apr,
	Number = {4},
	Pages = {513--539},
	Title = {Credibility Versus Competition The Impact of Party Size on Decisions to Enter Presidential Elections in South America and Europe},
	Urldate = {2014-05-27},
	Volume = {46},
	Year = {2013},
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